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Nanotechnology: Graphene takes on carbon nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes might have a cheaper, less controversial alternative in graphene, a single-layer flat sheet of carbon atoms that promotes strength and conductivity. Researchers at Northwestern University published their findings in Nature Nanotechnology, reporting that the breakthrough was made possible by isolating the proper kind of graphene sheet. According to a report from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Review, having a few hydroxyl groups or oxygen atoms loose on the surface of graphene allows the material to link to polymers and disperse evenly. Researchers at Princeton, who coauthored the paper, were able to generate this form of graphene by expanding graphite oxide rapidly at high temperatures.

Biological Functions of Antioxidants in Plant Transformation

Abstract Browning and necrosis of transformed cells/ tissues, and difficulty to regenerate transgenic plants from the transformed cells/tissues (recalcitrance) are common in Agrobacterium-mediated transformation process in many plant species. In addition, most crop transformation methods that use NPTII selection produce a significant number of nontransgenic shoots, called "shoot escapes" even under stringent selection conditions. These common problems of plant transformation, (browning and necrosis of transformed cells/ tissues, recalcitrance, and the occurrence of shoot escapes) severely reduces transformation efficiency. Recent research indicates that reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide radical (O^sup -^^sub 2^), the hydrogen peroxide (H^sub 2^O^sub 2^), the hydroxyl radical (OH', and the peroxyl radical (RO^sub 2^) may be

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